Page 190 - Cyber Terrorism and Extremism as Threat to Critical Infrastructure Protection

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS

Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo are dealing with the return of foreign fighters and what
measures have they taken; are they more focused on a restricted legislation approach, or is
their focus on de-radicalization and reintegration programmes?

Russian Cyber Operations: The Relationship between the
State and Cybercriminals

Mark Grzegorzewski

In the age of Great Power Competition, the United States needs to better understand all of
Russia’s capabilities. The Russian state is a master of covert and clandestine operations, es-
pecially in cyberspace, so the United States needs to be able to understand all the ways in
which the Russian state employs its cyber capabilities. This paper uses Tim Maurer’s “cyber
mercenary” thesis as a jumping-off point to argue that there is in fact a fourth typology that we
need to understand, which is labelled “commensalism”. Only after understanding this fourth
typology can we see that the Russian state has broken down the artificial wall between crime
and national security to engage in a hybrid war against the United States..

Radicalization as a Cause of Terrorism – The Case of
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Mile Šikman

In the most general sense, radicalization is regarded as one of the causes of terrorism. How-
ever, in order to accept this view, several prerequisites must be met. First, radicalization must
be understood as a process of adopting a view that violence is a justifiable way of achieving
goals. In this sense, terrorist radicalization is discussed and distinguished from other forms
of radicalization. Secondly, radicalization must be aimed at achieving the goals of a terrorist
organization, including terrorist-related behaviours (recruitment for terrorism purposes, ter-
rorist training, and so on). Thirdly, in accordance with the multifactorial approach to explain-
ing every crime, including terrorism, other factors (individual and external) leading to the
behaviour referred to as terrorism should also be taken into account. This paper applies the
theoretical concept of radicalization to practical cases of terrorism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
(BiH). The aim of this paper is to examine the extent to which terrorist radicalization has con-
tributed to terrorism in BiH, including BiH citizens who have left for Syria and Iraq to join
the Islamic State terrorist group.

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